subject n1
prepare a short talk about the following topic
"modern civilisation has kept changing at fast space
A century ago, people were able to live in better conditions than their parents
thanks to the progress made in science and technology. But in practice, the
outcome of this progress was slow to materialise. For instance, most people
still used to travel long distances on foot or by stage coach. And as
mechanisation was not introduced significantly in daily activities, household
chores still had to be done manually, and were therefore time consuming.
On the other hand, community life was still an asset for social cohesion, since
people had more opportunities to meet and interact. So they were able to chat
with neighbors at shops or in clubs and have a cup of coffee with friends or
relatives and tell stories and jokes. Likewise, family visits were frequent and
kept the folklore alive, with the grandparents who used to tell traditional
tales or sing lullabies or folk songs to their grandchildren. Unfortunately,
with the development of audiovisual means such as the cinema, radio, television
and then personal appliances like the computer, CD-roms and DVDs, the chances
of socialisation are dwindling and the lack of interaction between people may
increase stress, loneliness and anxiety.
Could we then complain that we are missing out on some ingredients in life
which used to make our great grandparents happier? This is probably so, since
closer contacts among neighbours, friends and families had to be beneficial for
communal harmony. However, scientific progress in all fields, particularly in
medicine, modes of transportation and communication, and agribusiness can only
show that our lives are today quite fulfilling and, if anything, more
comfortable than a century ago.
subject n02
write an essay about the challenges faced by modern civilisation
There are three major threats to our civilisation, which can lead to the
destruction of mankind. We have first nuclear energy, which has been a constant
liability ever since the explosion of atomic bombs in 1945; there is also
pollution, a major cause for concern with the massive and noxious increase in
industrial activities and mechanisation; finally, climate change constitutes
another threat, as an outcome of the first two mentioned problems.
The escalation of nuclear weaponry since World War Two has exposed humanity to
a nuclear war that would not compare at all with Hiroshima
and Nagasaki USA and the USSR
There are also indirect consequences to owning nuclear energy. Indeed, a lethal
form of pollution can originate from it if accidents in nuclear power plants
occur. But apparently less dangerous forms of pollution, generated by an ever-
increasing industrialisation, can also cause severe illnesses and deaths. We
can think of all the chemicals dumped by factories underground, or in rivers
and seas, or of the enormous amounts of smoke emitted in the air by factories
and vehicles. All of these are causing all sorts of illnesses in humans and
threatening wildlife.
Apart from these direct consequences, the third threat to our civilisation,
climate change, is directly related to the first two mentioned. Smoke has
resulted in the greenhouse effect, responsible for the increase in mean
temperature in the world. Consequently, the ice caps in the north and south
poles are shrinking, the sea level is rising, rains have become irregular,
hurricanes are more frequent, monsoons are more destructive, droughts have
intensified, and have reached usually wet parts of the world. Therefore, the
danger of famine is real , and can even lead to dramatic wars over the
possession of the meagre resources remaining. Surely the impending threat of
nuclear warfare, and the lethal chemicals spread in the environment make the
world a dangerous place to live. The tons of smoke sent out in the atmosphere
also constitute a health hazard, and are responsible for climate change. There
are indeed urgent measures to be taken by governments to make human activities
safer if our civilisation is to survive and thrive.
subject 03
write an opinion article about counterfeiting disadvantages
Some people argue that counterfeiting benefits consumers by giving them access
to lower-price goods. This is a totally mistaken claim. First, imitated goods
are poor quality and do not last long. There is then no guarantee of value for
money and more importantly, that fake goods are not safe. Imagine how much
damage low quality parts fitted in a car can do to the driver and passengers
when they fail!
Secondly, if we think of fake foods or medicines, and the criminal procedures
used by the people who make them, we can only remain firm on buying genuine
products. There are several cases of substitute edibles which have caused
dangerous diseases to people and which have resulted in long-lasting law suits.
The outcomes could only be compensations paid for irreparable damage but the
moral damage caused to the victims can never be repaired! Recent figures
released by the European Union show that the customs are confiscating 100
million fake items every year.
Thirdly, it is highly immoral to reap where other people have sown. Pirating
products is indeed imitating other people’s property, and refusing to engage in
a creative act. It is much more rewarding to turn one’s abilities to creating
new objects of value that could serve the community, or improve the performance
of existing ones.
Fourthly, pirating objects is by essence theft, especially when the producer of
a fake item affixes the label of a well-known trade mark on it. Some countries
are notorious for their practice of counterfeit objects. One wouldn’t like
Algerians to be known for practising this dubious trade, as much as one
wouldn’t like to see them buy cheap, fake products and head into unsuspected
troubles.
subject 04
write a letter to a friend describing your school
Dear Linda,
Today, I’ll write to you about my school. And the least I can say is that I
feel quite happy and comfortable in it.
First, let me mention its old stone building, surrounded by a nice flower
garden. The flowers are carefully arranged, and in spring, they give off a nice
scent when we head for the classes through the garden. Further back, there are
two large courtyards with enough space and benches to play or relax. There are
also big, ancient olive trees near the walls, where birds perch and nest. We
can hear them warble and chirp all year round.
Let me also describe my classroom. It is large and well decorated, with
old-fashioned brown desks, and posters and pictures all over the walls. And
then, there are those cabinets full of books which smell of old paper.
Actually, I like borrowing a book from to time and dream of all the adventures
and mysteries I read about.
I’ll finally say a few words about my teachers. I’m lucky to have such good and
considerate people around me. They are so keen to see the students do well.
They are always prepared to answer our questions, and they really want to make
sure we understand the hard parts of the lessons and exercises. I like the way
teachers get us involved. They surely have children of their own at school,
which explains why they understand how we feel.
So if there is one good reason why I like my school, it surely is because the
teaching staff are so caring, and so friendly. I can’t dream of a better
school!
subject 05
prepare a speech about the the possible changes that are likely to happen in
our lifestyle
We may live a totally different life in the next few decades because modernity
has brought with it a new life style. Nowadays people take less time to eat, go
to fast food shops to gulp hamburgers, hot dogs and chips. In the future, we
might have conventional food being replaced by food substitutes like pills, or
we might get our nutrients out of crude oil; that would shorten meal times even
further. Conversely, many people are prepared to spend more time shopping in
supermarkets (and even on the Internet). A lot of them are now becoming
shopaholics, buying products that they don’t really need. Their number will
rise further in the near future.
This is partly because it is much easier to shop, especially as more and more
supermarkets are equipped with fast serving cash desks which prevent long
queues. In the future, shop assistants may be replaced by robots which could
actually do the same job as them, with greater efficiency and in less time.
That of course would probably have side effects like an increase in
unemployment.
Leisure will also change, because of the development of all sorts of electronic
devices, like the multimedia, cable television and other contrivances. People
will be less tempted to go out for a film, a play or a concert. They’ll pay
even less visits to each other because the cell phone is such a convenient way
to keep in touch. And what to say about the Internet through which people can
instantly chat with and watch each other via the web cam! Alternatively, we’ll
have more free time to enjoy holidays at lower prices in distant places. But is
this life of the future the kind of life people would like to have? Couldn’t
modernity preserve social relations and be a means to an end rather than an end
in itself?
subject 06
food safety
Food safety has become one of the major worries for mankind. This worry has
three major sources: the chemical contamination of agricultural products, the
use of additives, preservatives and colourings in a large number of food
products and the consumption of ready-made food.
Perhaps the first cause for worry about food safety is the highly intensive
mode of farming and agribusiness now prevailing in industrialised countries.
This has led big companies to use chemicals, fertilisers and pesticides to
ensure maximum output. As a result, fruits and vegetables are contaminated by
chemicals which may prove harmful to our health.
The second cause for concern is again related to mass production, and the need
to keep products fresh and attractive. Consumer requirements have led
manufacturers to introduce colourings, additives and preservatives. Some of
them have been suspected of being dangerous while others have definitely been
classified as harmful by independent research laboratories. Scientists maintain
that some colourings and sugar substitutes can cause cancer, diabetes and other
****bolic disorders.
Finally, fast food and ready-made meals have led people to take undesirable
eating habits, like nibbling at work or at home, or having frequent snacks in
front of the computer or the TV set. More worrying is the fact that the younger
generation are the most prone to consume fast food and soft drinks. These
eating habits, as shown in “advanced” countries especially, have caused a large
part of the population to become overweight or obese, and to develop diseases
like diabetes or high blood pressure. These are due to an excess consumption of
animal fat and fried food, as well as sugar and salt.
In conclusion, the conjunction of contaminated agricultural products, processed
foods and poor eating habits is indeed a good reason to worry about food safety
and to take corrective measures to change or improve our attitudes to eating.
subject 07
a presentation of the moon
The Moon is an earth satellite orbiting our planet from a distance of
384,000kms on average, and its orbit is in a west-to-east direction. Its
surface gravity is only 0.16 that of the Earth (one sixth), and it does not
seem to have life on it, since it has neither atmosphere nor water. Minimum and
maximum temperatures on it are wide apart, with +110˚C on the sunlit side and
–170˚C in lunar nights. The geology of this satellite is rock only, and its age
is about 4,6 billion years.
Plans to reach the Moon on space crafts have been on scientists’ minds since
early 20th century. But they became more concrete when the Russians launched
space crafts Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2
in 1957, the second one carrying dog Laika. In 1961,
Yuri Gagarin orbited the Earth, followed by the American astronaut John Glenn
in 1962. Finally, America
won the honour of reaching the Moon before Russia
There are at present plans to build a space base on the Moon, to set a giant
telescope and launch space ships from there to distant planets, and perhaps to
other solar systems.
subject 08
what would happen if a comet collided with the earth ???
I sometimes think with awe about the possible consequences for life on earth if
a comet collided with our planet. I can imagine it hurtling through the
atmosphere before it makes its terrible impact on some part of a continent.
Scientists do say that a similar incident took place many thousand years ago,
and provoked the extinction of many giant animal species, including dinosaurs.
An enormous crater would form, and possibly cause a volcanic eruption which
would send a heavy layer of particles and ash high up in the sky to stop the
sun rays from reaching the Earth. Our planet would then be in the dark for many
years, and consequently the temperatures would drop considerably.
A change in the climate could indeed occur, rainfalls and snowfalls would be frequent,
heavy and long lasting, and floods would result from them; the sea level would
probably rise, and cause some flat regions of the Earth to be totally immersed.
Another possible consequence of the impact would be a gigantic earthquake which
would destroy many inhabited areas and kill a huge number of people. If the
impact were near an ocean, a tsunami could develop and flood vast areas of flat
land, causing many people to die or become homeless.
Facts in the past have shown that a disaster like an impact of a heavenly body
on Earth could destroy life, or at least alter living conditions dramatically.
The same could be repeated if another collision occured. This is why scientists
are thinking up space programmes to find ways of preventing another accident of
this kind.
subject 09
solar eclipse
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes in front of the Sun as seen from
Earth, and can happen only at new Moon. During a total eclipse the Sun’s corona
can be seen. A total solar eclipse can last up to 7.5 minutes. When the Moon is
at its farthest from the Earth it does not completely cover the face of the
Sun, leaving a ring of sunlight visible. This is an annular eclipse. Between
two and five solar eclipses occur each year but each is visible only from a
specific area. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes into the shadow of
the Earth, becoming dim until emerging from the shadow. Lunar eclipses may be
partial or total, and they can happen only at full Moon. Total lunar eclipses
last up to 100 minutes; the maximum number each year is three.
A total solar eclipse visible from southwestern England UK
subject 10
imagine you are an agony aunt givin advice for teenagers about the panic that
comes with the baccalaureate exam
Dear Miserable,
I’m very sorry to hear that you are having difficulty coping with stress and
anxiety, due to the forthcoming final examination. I more than sympathise with
your being depressed. Let me tell you however that taking a few commonsense
steps would restore confidence and cheerfulness in you.
I think you are working too hard, and not taking enough time for breaks. Do you
know that cramming and doing exercises endlessly produce more anxiety in you?
That’s why you don’t feel you have time to spare for your friends, and to enjoy
some of the pleasures of life you are entitled to.
So, as I said, you should relax and sleep regularly, meanwhile leaving your
brain to process the hardest points of lessons and activities. You should go
out for walks or practise some sport everyday to help you relax. You ought not
to worry constantly about the time when your exam occurs, lest you would lose
your concentration on the appointed day.
Think that after all, you have reached a good level of competence, and that you
have enough strategies at this stage to decide how to organise your work. Let
me tell you again that when the exam comes, always start with the things you
can do easily and leave time for the most tricky parts.
I’m sure that when the time comes, you will be able to overcome your stress and
perform quite successfully.
I wish you all the best.
subject 11
describe the feelings and emotions expected from algerian in various situations
The death of a close friend or a relative, the occurrence of a natural disaster
or an accident, and other fatalities are likely to generate different feelings
and emotions in people.
Actually the difference in reaction is more particularly a question of gender.
Men will tend to hide their grief over the death of somebody they know, or
their awe when they witness a tragedy; during a natural disaster, they will try
not to panic and control their emotions; instead, they will react by taking
steps to protect their families and neighbours. Women will show their emotions
more openly. They will express their sadness and mourning, and cry profusely
when they learn about a relative’s death. Likewise, they will be rather shocked
and terrified when they see an accident in which there are casualties. Finally,
they are likely lose their self- control, and fail to take the right decisions
to protect themselves in an emergency.
The difference in response regarding the expression of love and affection will
most likely follow the same pattern. Men always try to avoid excessive
sentimentality. They generally avoid showing in verbal manner too much emotion
and feelings to their families and friends; they will express their care in a
different way; for instance by showing concern, offering help or giving
presents. Women are again prone to showing their feelings more openly. They
would more often than not use terms of endearment, and they often hug and kiss
family members, especially children.
The differing levels of sensitivity between men and women concerning the facts
of life is probably the reason why their marks of sympathy and affection are
dissimilar. But the male and female attitudes are complementary, and both necessary
for good human interaction
Ethics ;
Ethics is principles and moral values. it’s also ethics is the set of moral
rules that the professionals in any field are expected to respect when they
deal either with each other or with the public. in business, ethics represents
the attitudes that individuals and firms should comply with in the actions they
perform and the decisions they take at every level of their realizations. Such
a philosophy does not exist everywhere because it needs the existence of important
conditions to apply it.
in societies where both political and cultural conditions exist for making
everyone obey this practice, the main principles that those engaged in the
economic branches should follow involve a good number of the qualities that
have always served as the basis for civilization. Among them we find the
obligation to be honest and lawful in one's activities.
corruption
In general, corruption leads to harm the
public interest and reflect the phenomenon of corruption, a set of behaviors
(bribery, nepotism ... .. Paloasitp extortion ... ... .. smuggling looted
public money and ...).. There are many reasons behind the emergence of the
phenomenon of corruption and spread in the community although there is almost
unanimous on the fact that this phenomenon of human behavior, negative driven
by self-interest and corruption leads to the loosening of moral values and to
the frustration and the spread of indifference and passivity among the members
of the community, and the rise of intolerance and extremism in views and the
spread of crime as a reaction The collapse of values and lack of equal
opportunities. In view of what can be inflicted by corruption of the damage is
not at the local level but also at the international level, especially in light
of the trend towards free trade and free competition requires all of us try to
control but seems that the rampant corruption that fits many parts of the
strata of society, even the citizen a free fair may bribing or Smuggled when
needy, although it has long complained of corruption and its effects, then we
are in a vicious circle not resolve it, but that one come back to the teachings
of our religion by telling us altruism, integrity, honesty and sincerity and
conviction, but it is impossible not all what he loves to realize.
bribery
bribery is the crime of giving or receiving something of value to influence
official action. both the person giving and receiving the bribe are guilty of
bribery.
bribery is illegal for two reasons: firstly, it usually involves a public
official using his or her office for personal gain. Secondly, it can cause
officials to make unfair decisions that affect citizens.
Bribery is a very old crime. There is evidence of bribery dating back more than
4,000 years. Usually, a person who bribes a public official is paying to get
special treatment. this special treatment can come in many forms .for example
,a company might bribe an official to win a government contract .bribing a
public official is the most common type of bribery. in the united states
Commercial bribery, the bribery of owners or employees of private companies, is
also illegal in many places, but it is less commonly punished. No one knows how
often people commit bribery, but many experts believe that most people who
bribe officials are never caught.
Bribery is most common in some countries or parts of countries than in others.
Many countries have made it illegal to bribe officials from other countries
1حضارة بلاد مابين النهرين
'Mesopotamia or
Mesopotamia (in Greek: Μεσοποταμία, ie Mesopotamia) Mesopotamia is located in
southwestern Asia . Was among the first centers
of civilization in the world. It is located now in Iraq
between the Tigris and the Euphrates . The most
famous are the civilizations of Sumer
and Babylon , and I barely, Assyrians, Chaldeans,
which originated from Iraq Iran and specifically Elam
(now the province of Khuzestan , known as Arab Stan) and occupied the west
and Syria to reach Palestine Baghdad Iraq
2 الحضارة المصرية - نهر النيل-
The River Nile, which revolves around ancient
Egyptian civilization Npa over the hills of Ethiopia
in East Africa and the headwaters of the Nile in southern Sudan , traveling from north Sudan to Egypt Egypt
الحضارةالرومانية
* Romanian civilization:
- I stayed theRomanian
State
- Romanian tradition known civilization of manifestations of Greek civilization building sea theaters and terraces, bridges and arches, houses and excelled in carving statues and pictures, comedy and literature flourished in it.
* Roman history through three stages:
Phase I: Foundation Stage and the European Union (735 BC. M - 27 BC). And its capitalRome
Second stage: the stage of expansion and influence (27 BC. M -395 m ) with which the Romans
managed to create an empire stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to
the Euphrates basin in the east.
The third stage: the stage of weakness and disintegration, with the emergence of the Germanic tribes in the political arena inEurope .
- Following that, the Theodosius in AD 395, dividing the empire into two parts: the west and the capitalRome , and the eastern
capital of Constantinople (the State of the
Byzantines). Western fell in 476 AD and fell in the second in 1453.
* After the division of the Romanian Empire into an Eastern andWestern Empire fell at the hands of western Germanic
tribes from the north 476 years old.
- I stayed the
- Romanian tradition known civilization of manifestations of Greek civilization building sea theaters and terraces, bridges and arches, houses and excelled in carving statues and pictures, comedy and literature flourished in it.
* Roman history through three stages:
Phase I: Foundation Stage and the European Union (735 BC. M - 27 BC). And its capital
Second stage: the stage of expansion and influence (27 BC. M -
The third stage: the stage of weakness and disintegration, with the emergence of the Germanic tribes in the political arena in
- Following that, the Theodosius in AD 395, dividing the empire into two parts: the west and the capital
* After the division of the Romanian Empire into an Eastern and
التلوث the Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of substances or energy into the environment, resulting in deleterious effects of such a nature as to endanger human health, harm living resources and ecosystems, and impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment.[1] The major forms of pollution include: Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common examples include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Water pollution via surface runoff and leaching to groundwater. Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE[2], herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Radioactive contamination, added in the wake of 20th-century discoveries in atomic physics. (See alpha emitters and actinides in the environment.) Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar. Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference. Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash or municipal solid waste. Thermal Pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence.
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